The academic articles have abstracts available on the Internet that provide a synthesis of the document, as well as the conclusions reached. In general, you should read the entire article and use it as a source. However, if you decide to use the abstract as a source, you will need to cite it. The format of the citation will vary depending on the style you choose, whether it is the Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), or Chicago.
Steps
Method 1 of 3: MLA Style
Step 1. Begin entering the bibliographic references including the name of the author
Write the last name of the author of the article, followed by a comma. Then write their name, followed by the middle name or middle initial (if available). Put a period at the end.
Example: Oziewicz, Marek
Step 2. Include the title of the article
After the author's name, copy the full title of the article in quotation marks. Capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adverbs. At the end, put a period inside the quotation marks.
Example: Oziewicz, Marek. "Restorative Justice Scripts in the Voices of Ursula K. LeGuin."
Step 3. Include information about the journal where the article was published
After the title of the article, write the title of the magazine in italics. Place a comma after the magazine title, and then include the issue number and year of publication, also separating them by commas. After writing the year of publication, write the abbreviation "pp." Followed by the page range in which the article appears in the journal. Place a period after the final page number.
Example: Oziewicz, Marek. "Restorative Justice Scripts in the Voices of Ursula K. LeGuin." Children's Literature in Education, vol. 42, no. 1, 2011, pp. 33-43
Step 4. Include the website or database where the abstract is located
Type the name of the website or database in italics, followed by a comma. Then copy the URL or Digital Object Identifier (DOI) from the digest. Then put a comma and write the word "abstract" to indicate that you are only going to cite the abstract instead of the full article. Put a period at the end.
- Example with DOI: Oziewicz, Marek. "Restorative Justice Scripts in the Voices of Ursula K. LeGuin." Children's Literature in Education, vol. 42, no. 1, 2011, pp. 33-43. Academic Search Premier, doi: 10.1007 / s10583-010- 9118-8, abstract.
- Example with URL: Oziewicz, Marek. "Restorative Justice Scripts in the Voices of Ursula K. LeGuin." Children's Literature in Education, vol. 42, no. 1, 2011, pp. 33-43. Springer Link, link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10583-010-9118-8, Abstract.
Format of bibliographic references in MLA
Last name, first name. "Article title." Magazine title, vol. x, no. x, year, pp. xx-xx. Name of the database or website, DOI or URL, abstract.
Step 5. Use the author's last name for in-text citations
Generally, a text citation in MLA format includes the author's last name and the page number in parentheses. Since an online abstract does not have page numbers, it includes only the author's last name. Put parentheses at the end of any sentence where you paraphrase or quote the summary, within the closing punctuation.
- Example: "Children's literature, particularly fantasy and speculative fiction, teaches young readers the values of inclusion and equality (Oziewicz)."
- If you include the author's last name in the text of the document, no parenthetical citation is necessary. For example: "Marek Oziewicz believes that fantasy works teach young readers ideas of social justice that they can apply in the real world."
Method 2 of 3: APA Style
Step 1. Begin by writing the name of the author and the year of publication
IN the list of bibliographic references, write the last name of the author of the article. Next, put a comma and then write the initial of the author's name. You can also write the initial of their middle name if available. After the author's name, write the year of publication in parentheses and finally write a period after its closing.
Example: Paterson, P. (2008)
Step 2. Include the title of the article and indicate that you are going to cite the abstract
Write the title of the article by capitalizing only the first word and any proper names. If the article has a subtitle, write a colon at the end of the title and then write this one. Add the word "summary" in brackets, followed by a period.
Example: Paterson, P. (2008). How do young offenders with Asperger syndrome cope in custody ?: Two case studies in prisons [abstract]
Step 3. Include information about the journal in which the article appears
Write the name of the magazine in italics, followed by a comma. Write the volume number of the magazine also in italics. Immediately afterwards, put the publication number in parentheses, in round ones. Place a comma after the closing of the parentheses and then the page range where the article appears in that number. Finally, put a period.
Example: Paterson, P. (2008). How do young offenders with Asperger syndrome cope in custody ?: Two case studies in prisons [abstract]. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36 (1), 54-58
Step 4. Modify the format in case the full text of the article is not available
In general, the full text of the article will be available, even if you cannot access it on your own or have not read it. If not available, use the format for an article retrieved from a database. Before the name of the database or website, type the phrase "Summary retrieved from."
- Database example: Paterson, P. (2008). How Do Young Offenders With Asperger Syndrome Cope In Custody ?: Two Case Studies In Prisons. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36 (1), 54-58. Abstract retrieved from APA PsychNET (doi: 10.1111 / j.1468-3156.2007.00466.x).
- Example of URL: Paterson, P. (2008). How Do Young Offenders With Asperger Syndrome Cope In Custody ?: Two Case Studies In Prisons. British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36 (1), 54-58. Summary retrieved from
Format of bibliographic references in APA
Full text available:
Surname, first initial. (year). Title of the article in sentence format: subtitle of the article [abstract]. Magazine title, volume (publication #), xx-xx.
Full text not available:
Surname, first initial. (year). Title of the article in sentence format: subtitle of the article. Magazine title, volume (publication #), xx-xx. Summary retrieved from [database name] (doi).
Surname, first initial. (year). Title of the article in sentence format: subtitle of the article. Magazine title, volume (publication #), xx-xx. Summary retrieved from URL.
Step 5. Use the author's last name and year for in-text citations
When paraphrasing or citing an abstract in your article, include the author's last name and year of publication in parentheses at the end of the sentence. Places the closing punctuation after the closing parentheses.
- Example: "The most common difficulties people with autism spectrum disorders have are compounded when they are sent to jail (Paterson, 2008)."
- If you include the author's name in the text of your article, put the publication date in parentheses immediately afterwards. For example: "Paterson (2008) concluded prisoners with autism spectrum disorders had limited resources."
Method 3 of 3: Chicago Style
Step 1. Start the footer with the author's first and last name
In Chicago style, abstracts should only be cited in the footers of your article, not in bibliographic references. Include a superscript number at the end of a sentence in which you have cited or paraphrased the summary. The first element of the footer will be the author's name following a name-surname format. After this, put a comma.
Example: Seth A. Givens,
Step 2. Include the title of the article and the note you cite in the abstract
After the author's name, enclose the title of the article in quotation marks. Capitalize all nouns, pronouns, verbs, and adverbs. Put a comma at the end of the title, inside the quotation marks, and then write the word "summary" after a comma.
Example: Seth A. Givens, "Freeing the Germans: The American Army and the Looting of Germany During World War II," summary,
Step 3. Include information about the journal in which the full article appears
Write the name of the magazine and the volume in italics, followed by a comma. Then, enclose the publication number in parentheses, followed by the publication date. After closing the parentheses, put a colon and then write the page range where the article appears. Lastly, put a comma.
Example: Seth A. Givens, "Liberating the Germans: The American Army and the Plunder of Germany During World War II," summary, The War in History 21, no. 1 (January 2014): 33,
Step 4. Finally, include a DOI number or the URL of the abstract
If you accessed an electronic version of the abstract, copy the DOI number or URL of the article in the footer. In the Chicago style, it is more advisable to include a DOI number rather than a URL. Finally, put a final period.
Example: Seth A. Givens, "Liberating the Germans: The American Army and the Plunder of Germany During World War II," summary, The War in History 21, no. 1 (January 2014): 33, doi: 10.1177 / 0968344513504521
Chicago style footer format
First and last name, "Article title: subtitle," abstract, Journal title and volume #, no. x (month and year): Page #, doi / URL.